Things that are Pangs in the Birth

Things that are Pangs in the Birth

 

Below is my translation of Mark 13:1-8, the Revised Common Lectionary’s Gospel reading for the 26^thSunday after Pentecost. This text is the beginning of what some scholars call Mark’s “little apocalypse,” where Jesus speaks of cataclysmic signs, persecutions, the “abomination of desolation,” and “the son of man coming in the clouds.” Much of this language and texture comes from Daniel – particularly that part of Daniel that was written when the Selucid General Antiochus IV Epiphanes overthrew Jerusalem and desecrated the temple.

 

It is my reading that apocalyptic literature is protest literature, particularly at times when imperial powers try to usurp that which is rightly God’s. That is, I read the last half of Daniel as a protest against the actions of Antiochus Epiphanes, when he desecrated the temple in 167 BCE. And I read Mark 13 as a protest against the actions of the General and future Caesar Titus, as he destroyed the temple in 70 CE to squash a rebellion. 

 

This particular pericope begins with the unnamed disciple marveling at the seeming indestructibility of the temple. As Mark’s audience knows, that indestructibility is far from certain. This pericope also follows the story from last week, where the poor widow is contributing to a temple system that is destructive. As some readers pointed out last week, in light of that passage, this week’s text may be read as judgment on the temple. 

 

¹ Καὶ ἐκπορευομένου αὐτοῦ ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ λέγει αὐτῷ εἷς τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ, Διδάσκαλε, ἴδε ποταποὶ λίθοι καὶ ποταπαὶ οἰκοδομαί. 

And as he was exiting out of the temple one of the disciples says to him, “Teacher, look what stones and what buildings!” 

ἐκπορευομένου: PMPart gsm, ἐκπορεύομαι, 1) to go forth, go out, depart

λέγει: PAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak 

ἴδε: Impv of aorist 2 of εἶδον, see! lo! behold! as calling attention to something present.

1. The pronoun ποταποὶ is interesting. It could be a general exclamatory, “What ...”or “What manner of ...” or it could be reflective of origin, “From what country ....” The disciple seems to be marveling, but at what, exactly, is hard to say. Some translations flavor it with adjectives like “marvelous” or “large.” 

2. I’ve always heard this disciple as a Gomer Pyle type of Galilean country boy, going to the big city for the first time and saying, “Well Gol-ly! Look at them stones and buildings!”  But, given how Jesus has been quite candid about going to Jerusalem and being betrayed by the chief priests, scribes, and Pharisees, I should give this disciple more credit. It could be more akin to, “Seriously? We’re going to take this on?” I’m guessing that this temple by Herod the Great was a show of power as much or more than a show of piety. If the term ποταποὶ still retains its early sense as referring to the origin of a stone/building, this disciple could be reckoning with the notion that the temple is that “house of prayer for all peoples,” and not just a Galilean/Judean matter. 

3. Here is a description of the temple from Chris Haslam: The second Temple was begun after the return from exile (c. 520 BC), and was modest. Herod began construction of the third Temple in 20 BC; it was finished in 63 AD, and destroyed by the Romans in 70 AD at the end of the Jewish revolt. It was still under construction in Jesus’ day. The stones were some 11 m (35 feet) long by 5.5 m (18 feet) wide x 3.6 m (12 feet) high. The Temple was begun by Herod the Great. The destruction of the Temple had already been foretold in Micah 3:12 and Jeremiah 26:18.

 

² καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτῷ, Βλέπεις ταύτας τὰς μεγάλας οἰκοδομάς; οὐ μὴ ἀφεθῇὧδε λίθος ἐπὶ λίθον ὃς οὐ μὴ καταλυθῇ. 

And Jesus said to him, “See these large buildings?  Not a stone may be left on a stone that may not be demolished.” 

εἶπεν: AAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak 

Βλέπεις: PAI 2s, βλέπω, 1) to see, discern, of the bodily eye

ἀφεθῇ: APSubj 3s, ἀφίημι, 1) to send away  1a) to bid going away or depart 

καταλυθῇ: APSubj 3s, καταλύω, 1) to dissolve, disunite  1a) (what has been joined together), to destroy, demolish

1. This last sentence is a very awkward construction to translate word for word. I think the sense is clear enough – Jesus is picking up on the ‘stone’ and ‘building’ reference by the disciple and countering his amazement with an expectation of utter destruction. 

2. Most likely, Mark is writing this text long after the death and resurrection of Jesus, at a time when the temple is either undergoing destruction, is already destroyed, or is in imminent threat of being destroyed. Mark’s own language throughout this chapter – when he slips from the future to the present or past tense – seems to indicate that this is not merely a ‘prediction’ or ‘prophecy’ of Jesus, but a text whose narrator is embedded in the destructive event itself. Mark even interjects himself as the narrator in one place, when he interrupts Jesus’ words to the disciples to interject the narrator’s words to the readers (v.14). I would argue that Mark is quite deliberately using that kind of language and self-reference, thus this is less a predictive prophecy – as some are wont to read it – and more of a theological interpretation of an event that is devastating both literally and theologically. 

 

³ Καὶ καθημένου αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸ Ὄρος τῶν Ἐλαιῶν κατέναντι τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐπηρώτααὐτὸν κατ' ἰδίαν Πέτρος καὶ Ἰάκωβος καὶἸωάννης καὶ Ἀνδρέας, 

And seating himself in the Mount of Olives over-against the temple, Peter and James and John and Andrew interrogated him in private,  

καθημένου: PMPart gsm, κάθημαι, 1) to sit down, seat one's self  2) to sit, be seated, of a place occupied  2a) to have a fixed abode, to dwell 

ἐπηρώτα: IAI 3s, ἐπερωτάω, 1) to accost one with an enquiry, put a question to, enquiry of, ask, interrogate

1. The verb ἐπερωτάω could be translated “asked,” as most translation put it. But, it often has a ring of confrontation or at least some kind of challenge. I have tried to note the uses of this term throughout the last month or so in the lections each week and, once again, have listed its uses below for you to make your own judgments. While “interrogate” may not seem the best translation in each case, it is more than just idle curiosity. There always seems to be some weight to it.

2. The verb ἐπερωτάω here is also curious because it appears in the 3^rd person singular form and the most obvious subjects are Peter, James, John, and Andrew. Perhaps Mark is using the very collectively, but I would have expected a plural verb with plural subjects. 

3. It is curious that Andrew is added to the usual triumvirate of Peter, James, and John. 

4. I tend to use ‘curious’ when I don’t have a judgment to make – have you noticed? 

5. We have seen the phrase κατέναντι  before (see last week’s post, when Jesus sits over-against the treasury).  κατέν/αντι  literally means over/against. But, as I suggested last week, it seems to be more than a location and implies an attitude or stance of opposition. 

 

⁴ Εἰπὸν ἡμῖν πότε ταῦτα ἔσται, καὶ τί τὸ σημεῖον ὅταν μέλλῃ ταῦτα συντελεῖσθαι πάντα. 

“Tell us, when will these things be and what [will be] the sign when all these things may be about to be fulfilled?   

Εἰπὸν: AAImpv 2s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak 

ἔσται: FMI 3p, εἰμί, 1) to be, to exist, to happen, to be present

μέλλῃ: PASubj 3s, μέλλω, 1) to be about  1a) to be on the point of doing or suffering something  1b) to intend, have in mind, think to 

συντελεῖσθαι: PPInf, συντελέω, 1) to end together or at the same time  2) to end completely  2a) bring to an end, finish, complete

1. I’m kind of shaky on this translation. The latter part of the sentence seems to need something, so I supplied a carry-over ‘will be’ from the first half. 

2. The words ποτέ and ὅταν are both temporal terms: ποτέ, “once i.e. formerly, aforetime, at some time”; and ὅταν, “when, whenever, as long as, as soon as.” 

 

⁵ ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἤρξατο λέγειν αὐτοῖς, Βλέπετε μή τις ὑμᾶς πλανήσῃ: 

Yet Jesus began to say to them, “See that someone may not lead you astray.  

ἤρξατο: AMI 3s, ἄρχω, 1) to be chief, to lead, to rule 

λέγειν: PAInf, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak 

Βλέπετε: PAImpv 2p, βλέπω, 1) to see, discern, of the bodily eye 

πλανήσῃ: AASubj 3s, πλανάω, 1) to cause to stray, to lead astray, lead aside from the right way 

1. This is the second time Jesus begins a sentence with “See” (Βλέπετε). The first time (v.2) it is in an interrogative; this time in an imperative form.

 

⁶ πολλοὶ ἐλεύσονται ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες ὅτι Ἐγώ εἰμι, καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν. 

Many will come with my name saying ‘I am,’ and many shall follow. 

ἐλεύσονται: FMI 3p, ἔρχομαι, 1) to come  1a) of persons

λέγοντες: PAPart npm, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak 

εἰμι: PAI 1s, εἰμί, 1) to be, to exist, to happen, to be present

πλανήσουσιν: FAI 3p, πλανάω, 1) to cause to stray, to lead astray, lead aside from the right way 

1. The “I am,” (Ἐγώ εἰμι) is similar to the repeated usage in John’s Gospel, as well as an echo of the conversation between God and Moses in Exodus 3, where God answers the question of his name with “I am whom I am” (or, “I will be whom I will be”).  Does this mean that many will come claiming to be God? Or, does it refer to those who will come invoking the name of God in vain (i.e. for their own purposes)?

 

⁷ ὅταν δὲ ἀκούσητε πολέμους καὶ ἀκοὰς πολέμων, μὴ θροεῖσθε: δεῖ γενέσθαι, ἀλλ' οὔπω τὸ τέλος. 

Yet when you may hear of war and sounds of wars, do not be alarmed; the end is necessary to happen, but not yet.  

ἀκούσητε: AASubj 2p, ἀκούω, 1) to be endowed with the faculty of hearing, not deaf

θροεῖσθε: PPImpv 2p, θροέω to cry aloud, to make a clamor. Here, passive, to be frightened so as to be made to cry aloud or make a clamor.

δεῖ: PAI 3s, δέω, 1) to bind tie, fasten 

γενέσθαι: AM(dep)Inf, γίνομαι, 1) to become, i.e. to come into existence, begin to be, receive being

1. Mark seems to use δεῖ to indicate a kind of divine necessity - e.g. in 8:31, “The Son of Man must suffer many things.” 

2. The word order for the last phrase perplexes me a bit. The verb δεῖ can either take a subject (“X must”) or be substantive (“It is necessary that ...”). I think it works best to use ‘the end’ as the subject of both verbs “it is necessary” and “to happen,” as well as the cautionary “but not yet.” The KJV and NIV supply “such things” as the subject of “must happen,” but δεῖ is not plural. 

 

⁸ ἐγερθήσεται γὰρ ἔθνος ἐπ' ἔθνος καὶ βασιλεία ἐπὶ βασιλείαν, ἔσονται σεισμοὶ κατὰτόπους, ἔσονται λιμοί: ἀρχὴ ὠδίνων ταῦτα. 

For nation shall be raised against nation and kingdom against kingdom, there will be earthquakes along places, there will be famines; these things [are] a beginning of birth pangs.” 

ἐγερθήσεται: FPI 3s, ἐγείρω, 1) to arouse, cause to rise  1a) to arouse from sleep, to awake

ἔσονται: FMI 3p, εἰμί, 1) to be, to exist, to happen, to be present

1. The last phrase lacks a verb, so I supplied ‘to be’. 

2. I’m puzzled why so many translations make ἐγερθήσεται active “shall rise”, when it is passive “shall be raised.” 

 

Here are the uses of ἐπηρώτα in Mark. Many of them indicate a kind of challenge as opposed to simple inquiry.

Mar 5:9	And he asked him, What is...
Mar 7:5	...Pharisees and scribes asked him, Why walk...
Mar 7:17	...people, his disciples asked him concerning the...
Mar 8:5	And he asked them, How many...
Mar 8:23	...hands upon him, he asked him if he...
Mar 8:27	...by the way he asked his disciples, saying...
Mar 8:29	And he saith unto them, But...
Mar 9:11	And they asked him, saying, Why...
Mar 9:16	And he asked the scribes, What...
Mar 9:21	And he asked his father, How...
Mar 9:28	...house, his disciples asked him privately, Why...
Mar 9:32	...and were afraid to ask him.
Mar 9:33	...in the house he asked them, What was...
Mar 10:2	...to him, and asked him, Is it...
Mar 10:10	...house his disciples asked him again of...
Mar 10:17	...to him, and asked him, Good Master...
Mar 11:29	...unto them, I will also ask of you one...
Mar 12:18	...no resurrection; and they asked him, saying,
Mar 12:28	...answered them well, asked him, Which is...
Mar 12:34	...after that durst ask him any question...
Mar 13:3	...John and Andrew asked him privately,
Mar 14:60	...the midst, and asked Jesus, saying, Answerest...
Mar 14:61	...the high priest asked him, and said...
Mar 15:2	And Pilate asked him, Art thou...
Mar 15:4	And Pilate asked him again, saying...
Mar 15:44	...him the centurion, he asked him whether he...