Seeing Jesus through a Veil of Tears

Below is a rough translation of John’s resurrection story (John 20:1-18) the Revised Common Lection for Easter Sunday. Your comments are always welcomed. Blessings!

¹ Τῇ δὲ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ ἔρχεται πρωῒ σκοτίας ἔτι 

οὔσης εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ βλέπει τὸν λίθον ἠρμένον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου. 

And on the first of the Sabbaths, Mary the Magdalene comes in the morning while it is yet dark to the tomb, and sees the stone that has been removed out of the tomb.

ἔρχεται: PMI 3s, ἔρχομαι, 1) to come  1a) of persons 

οὔσης: PAPart gsf, εἰμί, 1) to be, to exist, to happen, to be present 

βλέπει: PAI 3s, βλέπω, 1) to see, discern, of the bodily eye 

ἠρμένον: PerfPPart, asm, αἴρω, 1) to raise up, elevate, lift up  1a) to raise from the ground, take up: stones  … to bear away what has been raised, carry off  3a) to move from its place  …  3c) to remove 

1. “on the first of the Sabbaths”: If you google this phrase, prepare yourself for all manner of conspiracy-theorist venom.  The phrase is typically translated as “the first day of the week,” which – according to the venom – is an anti-Semitic means of hiding the Jewish roots of Christianity. A kindlier interpretation – which recognizes that lexicons and commentaries are all written from and shaped by some manner of perspective, and that some of those perspectives were indeed tainted with anti-Semitism – could be something like this: We may be looking at a colloquial expression that we can only make sense of by seeing its use in NT and contemporary sources, then guessing what the pattern is. So, e.g., when the Pharisee in 18:12 says, “I fast twice a Sabbath,” it would seem that “Sabbath” can mean “week,” as opposed to this man boasting that he fasts twice in one day. If “Sabbath” can mean “week,” then interpreting our verse to say “on the first day of the week,” is not an attempt to erase the Sabbaths from the story, but to figure out the meaning of the colloquial expression and express it meaningfully today.

2. Still, it is a curious phrase that shows up in every gospel account of the resurrection (Mk. 16:2, Mt.28:1, Lk.24:1). For a good time, compare Mk.16:1-2 with Matthew 28:1 and we might see that the reference to “the first day of the Sabbaths” was under interpretive construction even in the 1^st century!

3. Unlike other accounts, this one has Mary the Magdalene coming to the tomb alone.

4. I often try to translate ἔρχομαι as “enters” rather than “comes” when it is in the middle voice. That works in this verse, but not really in the next, so I’ll leave it as “comes.” All of the verbs here and in 2a are present, but are interpreted as past in most translations because of the opening phrase of v.1.  

² τρέχει οὖν καὶ ἔρχεται πρὸς Σίμωνα Πέτρον καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον μαθητὴν 

ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς, ηραν τὸν κύριον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου, καὶ 

οὐκ οἴδαμεν ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν. 

Therefore she runs and comes to Simon Peter and to the other disciple whom Jesus loved and says to them, “They removed the lord out of the tomb, and we have not known where they put him.”

τρέχει : PAI 3s, τρέχω, 1) to run  1a) of persons in haste 

ἔρχεται: PMI 3s, ἔρχομαι, 1) to come 

ἐφίλει: IAI 3s, 1) to love   1a) to approve of   1b) to like   1c) sanction   1d) to treat affectionately or kindly, to welcome, befriend

λέγει: PAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

ηραν: AAI 3pl, αἴρω, 1) to raise up, elevate, lift up  1a) to raise from the ground, take up: … to bear away what has been raised …  to remove 

οἴδαμεν : PerfAI, 1p, εἴδω, to know

ἔθηκαν: AAI 3pl, τίθημι, 1) to set, put, place  1a) to place or lay  1b) to put down, lay down  

1. Why does Mary use the plural “we”? On whose behalf is she speaking? In the synoptic traditions, Mary is not alone but is with other women.

2. The phrase “we have known” or “we have not known,” in the perfect tense, is used often in John’s gospel. I’m remembering it from c.9 – the story of the man born blind – when the religious leaders say, “We have not known where this man (Jesus) is from.” I’m not sure what the impact of the perfect tense should be.

3. This is the first post-resurrection proclamation in John’s gospel. However, it is a testimony that draws erroneous conclusions from what Mary encountered at the tomb. It does raise the issue that testimony is more than simply ‘authenticity.’ There is some degree of ‘right and wrong’ regarding the testimony that is based on the authentic experience.

³  Ἐξῆλθεν οὖν ὁ Πέτρος καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητής, καὶ ἤρχοντο εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον.

Therefore Peter and the other disciple went out and were going to the tomb.

Ἐξῆλθεν : AAI 3s, ἐξέρχομαι, 1) to go or come forth of  1a) with mention of the place out of which one goes, or the  point from which he departs

ἤρχοντο : IMI 3p, ἔρχομαι, 1) to come  1a) of persons 

⁴ ἔτρεχον δὲ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ: καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς προέδραμεν τάχιον τοῦ 

Πέτρου καὶ ἦλθεν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, 

And the two were running together; and the other disciple swiftly outran Peter and came first to the tomb,

ἔτρεχον : IAI 3p, τρέχω, 1) to run  1a) of persons in haste 

προέδραμεν : AAI 3s, προτρέχω, 1) to run before, to outrun 

ἦλθεν: AAI 3s, ἔρχομαι, 1) to come 

1. This race is a curious detail for John to describe, isn’t it? As it continues, they run, the Beloved Disciple (BD) is faster, but stops to stoop and look in to see the linen; Peter is slower, but rushes in directly to see the linen and the hanky; BD goes in and sees it all and believes; until this point, neither of them understood the writings about Jesus’ resurrection; then they both return to the others.

2. Some biblical scholars make the race metaphorical to the difference of faith between Peter and BD. But, it seems to me that such speculation leads to unanswerable dead ends. Does DB have greater faith because he runs faster? Or, does Peter have greater faith because he goes in while DB stands outside and looks in? I don’t see these questions as answerable from the text itself.  Besides, it seems that, for John, neither of them has faith until at least v.8 below.

3. Mary ‘runs’ to tell the disciples, then BD and Peter run. It seems to me that the references to running here point to their feeling of urgency. I’m not inclined to read anything more into it.

⁵καὶ παρακύψας βλέπει κείμενα τὰ ὀθόνια, οὐ μέντοι εἰσῆλθεν. 

And stooping over he sees the linen lying, but yet he did not enter.

παρακύψας : AAPart, nsm, παρακύπτω, 1) to stoop to a thing in order to look at it  2) to look at with head bowed forward

βλέπει : PAI 3s, βλέπω, 1) to see, discern, of the bodily eye  

κείμενα : PMPart, apn, κεῖμαι, 1) to lie  1a) of an infant  1b) of one buried  1c) of things that quietly cover some spot  1c1) of a city situated on a hill  

εἰσῆλθεν: AAI 3s, εἰσέρχομαι, 1) to go out or come in: to enter 

1. Bear with me on this one: I’ve always felt that “the disciple whom Jesus loved” (v.2) is not a reference to “John,” as traditionally understood, but to “Lazarus,” who is described this way in John 11:3. (Not many people are willing to go there with me, but some are. Real people; real scholars!) If so, I would certainly understand why BD/Lazarus would stop outside of the tomb instead of entering it. I hear that being dead for four days in a tomb makes you react like that afterwards. (Just to be clear, I don’t know if “Lazarus” actually existed in real life or, if so, why the Synoptics missed the significant story of his death/resuscitation. I’m speaking from the perspective of the story in this gospel. I can’t speak to the reality of the 1^st century more directly than that.)

⁶ ἔρχεται οὖν καὶ Σίμων Πέτρος ἀκολουθῶν αὐτῷ, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ 

μνημεῖον: καὶ θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀθόνια κείμενα, 

Then, Simon Peter arrived following him, and entered into the tomb; and observes the linens which are lying there,

ἔρχεται : AAI 3s, ἐξέρχομαι, 1) to go or come forth of 

ἀκολουθῶν : PAPart, nsm, ἀκολουθέω, 1) to follow one who precedes

εἰσῆλθεν : AAI 3s εἰσέρχομαι, 1) to go out or come in: to enter 

θεωρεῖ : PAI 3s θεωρέω, 1) to be a spectator, look at, behold 

κείμενα: PMPart apn, κεῖμαι, 1) to lie  1a) of an infant  1b) of one buried  1c) of things that quietly cover some spot  1c1) of a city situated on a hill  

⁷καὶ τὸ σουδάριον, ὃ ἦν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ μετὰ τῶν ὀθονίων 

κείμενον ἀλλὰ χωρὶς ἐντετυλιγμένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον. 

And the handkerchief, which was on his head, is not lying with the linens but has been rolled up apart in one place.

ἦν : IAI 3s, εἰμί, 1) to be, to exist, to happen, to be present 

κείμενον : PMPart, asn, κεῖμαι, 1) to lie  1a) of an infant  1b) of one buried

ἐντετυλιγμένον : PerfPPart asn, ἐντυλίσσω, 1) to roll up, wrap together

1. Another detail that seems to be important to the narrator, but the importance of which escapes me at present.

2. This detail of the hanky, however, is similar to the detail regarding Lazarus as he emerged from the tomb in Jn.11:44: ἐξῆλθεν ὁ τεθνηκὼς δεδεμένος τοὺς πόδας καὶ τὰς χεῖρας κειρίαις, καὶ ἡ ὄψις αὐτοῦ σουδαρίῳ περιεδέδετο. “The dead man came out, his hands and feet wrapped with strips of linen, and a handkerchief around his face.”

⁸τότε οὖν εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς ὁ ἐλθὼν πρῶτος εἰς τὸμ νημεῖον, 

καὶ εἶδεν καὶ ἐπίστευσεν: 

Therefore then the other disciple who arrived first also entered into the tomb, and saw and believed.

εἰσῆλθεν : AAI 3s, εἰσέρχομαι, 1) to go out or come in: to enter

ἐλθὼν : AAPart nsm, ἔρχομαι, 1) to come  1a) of persons 

εἶδεν : AAI 3s, ὁράω, 1) to see with the eyes 

ἐπίστευσεν: AAI 3s, πιστεύω, 1) to think to be true, to be persuaded of, to credit, place  confidence in  1a) of the thing believed

1. Is the BD, then, the first “believer”? It seems that he sees the signs (linen and hanky) and believes.

2. In a very good article, “The Faith of the Beloved Disciple and the Community of John 20”, Brendan Byrne calls the BD’s faith “sign faith,” perhaps picking up on the “Book of Signs” that seem to comprise the early part of John’s gospel or simply John’s own use of the word “signs” and John’s attention to their significance. At any rate, says Byrne: “'Sign' faith is, of course, variously evaluated in John's Gospel.18 But where such faith is negatively rated (e.g., 2.23-24; 3.2-3; 4.45-48; 6.14-15; 7.3-7) the problem is not so much that a sign initiates the process of faith as that the preoccupation with the sign proceeds from purely human categories and needs in a way that obscures rather than serves the divine revelation in Jesus.”  (Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Feb., 1985, p.89)

2. v.8 pertains to BD alone – all the nouns and verbs are singular. But, v.9 uses “they” and a plural verb to indicate BD and Peter did not (but later did) understand the writings about the resurrection before it happened.

3 .What is it about seeing things from the inside of the tomb and seeing them from the outside that makes the difference for BD? Does it have to do with the separate places of the linen and hanky? That makes no immediate sense to me as a 21^st century reader, but that distinction seems to be how the story is structured. It seems like a lot of good Midrash and some very bad sermons could come out of this.

⁹οὐδέπω γὰρ ᾔδεισαν τὴν γραφὴν ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι. 

For as of yet they had not understood the writings that he is bound to rise out of the dead.

ᾔδεισαν : PluAI 3p, εἴδω, to know

δεῖ: PAI 3s, δέω, 1) to bind tie, fasten  

ἀναστῆναι: AAInf, ἀνίστημι, 1) to cause to rise up, raise up 

1. John sees the resurrection (among other things) as being a revelatory event.

- After Jesus went into the temple and overturned tables, John says, “After he was raised from the dead, his disciples remembered that he had said this; and they believed the scripture and the word that Jesus had spoken” (2:22).

- After Jesus enters into Jerusalem, John says, “His disciples did not understand these things at first; but when Jesus was glorified, then they remembered that these things had been written of him and had been done to him” (12:16).

2. In this story, Peter and the other disciple had not yet understood the writings about Jesus’ resurrection, but when the other disciples saw, he believed.

3. John does not say which “writings,” exactly, are the writings that say Jesus is bound to rise from the dead. Perhaps Ps. 16:10 (quoted in Acts 2:27)?    

¹⁰ ἀπῆλθον οὖν πάλιν πρὸς αὐτοὺς οἱ μαθηταί.

Then the disciples returned again to them.

ἀπῆλθον : AAI 3p, ἀπέρχομαι, 1) to go away, depart

1. Curiously, “to them” (πρὸς αὐτοὺς) is a translation/interpretation challenge. I have translated is very literally, but it leaves the question open, “to whom does ‘them’ refer’?” Here are attempts to answer: KJV: “their own home” YLT: “their own friends” ESV: “their homes” NIV: “where they were staying” NRSV: “their homes.” There is not really an antecedent in this story, as far as I can tell.

¹¹ Μαρία δὲ εἱστήκει πρὸς τῷ μνημείῳ ἔξω κλαίουσα. ὡς οὖν ἔκλαιεν 

παρέκυψεν εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, 

But Mary had stayed at the tomb weeping outside. Then as she was weeping she stooped to look into the tomb,  

εἱστήκει : PluAI 3s, ἵστημι, 1) to cause or make to stand, to place, put, set  

κλαίουσα: PAPart nsf, κλαίω, 1) to mourn, weep, lament 

ἔκλαιεν : IAI 3s, κλαίω, 1) to mourn, weep, lament

παρέκυψεν : AAI 3s, παρακύπτω, 1) to stoop to a thing in order to look at it 

1. In the description of the footrace between Peter and BD, the narrator has failed to say that Mary had returned. Before anyone wants to get all Da Vinci Codey on us and suggest that Mary herself is the BD, there is v.2 to contend with.

2. Is there any significance in the difference between ‘stooping to look’ into the tomb (παρακύπτω, of the BD in v.5 and of Mary in v.11) and ‘entering’ into the tomb (ἔρχομαι, of Peter in v.6 and the BD in v.8) ?

¹² καὶ θεωρεῖ δύο ἀγγέλους ἐν λευκοῖς καθεζομένους, ἕνα πρὸς τῇ κεφαλῇ 

καὶ ἕνα πρὸς τοῖς ποσίν, ὅπου ἔκειτο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. 

And beholds two angels who are sitting in white garments, one to the head and one to the feet, where the body of Jesus was lying.

θεωρεῖ : PAI 3s, θεωρέω 1) to be a spectator, look at, behold 

καθεζομένους: PMPart, apm, καθέζομαι, 1) to sit down, seat one's self, sit 

ἔκειτο : IMI 3s, κεῖμαι, 1) to lie  1a) of an infant  1b) of one buried

1. This is story-telling, so John does not have to tell us why Peter and BD did not see these two angels when they were in the tomb. Of course, that won’t stop us from wondering; only from answering.

2. Dear John: This would have been a good place for the pluperfect tense, “where the body of Jesus had been lying.” But, if you want to use the imperfect tense, “was lying,” that’s your business. Sincerely, Curious Reader.

¹³ καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῇ ἐκεῖνοι, Γύναι, τί κλαίεις; λέγει αὐτοῖς ὅτι ηραν τὸν 

κύριόν μου, καὶ οὐκ οἶδα ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν. 

And they say to her, Woman, why are you crying? She says to them “They removed my lord and I have not known where they put him.”

λέγουσιν: PAI 3p, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

κλαίεις: PAI 2s, κλαίω, 1) to mourn, weep, lament

λέγει : PAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

ηραν : AAI 3pl, αἴρω, 1) to raise up, elevate, lift up  1a) to raise from the ground, take up: … to bear away what has been raised …  to remove 

οἶδα : PerfAI 1s, εἴδω, to know

ἔθηκαν: AAI 3pl, τίθημι, 1) to set, put, place  1a) to place or lay  1b) to put down, lay down  

1. The use of the perfect in “I have not known” is kind of odd to my 21 century ears, but it is consistent with the tense of v.2 and throughout the gospel. In v.2 Mary uses the plural “we have not known” instead of the singular.

2. “Woman, why are you crying?” Jesus will repeat this question.

3. Mary’s response indicates that whatever BD “believed” in v.8, it was not a shared group experience, at least not for her. She is still seeing “signs” and even greater signs than BD and Peter (if you think 2 live angels are better than a linen and hanky), and yet she still thinks Jesus’ body has been moved.

¹⁴ταῦτα εἰποῦσα ἐστράφη εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω, καὶ θεωρεῖ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἑστῶτα, καὶ 

οὐκ ᾔδει ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν. 

Having said these things she turned around into the back and beholds Jesus who has been standing, and she had not known that he is Jesus.

εἰποῦσα : AAPart nsf, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

ἐστράφη : API 3s, στρέφω, 1) to turn, turn around 

θεωρεῖ : PAI 3s, θεωρέω, 1) to be a spectator, look at, behold

ἑστῶτα: PerfAPart asm, ἵστημι, 1) to cause or make to stand, to place, put, set 

ᾔδει : PluAI 3s, εἴδω, to know

ἐστιν: εἰμί, PAI 3s, 1) to be, to exist, to happen, to be present 

1. The tenses – though awkward in my rough translation – seem important to John, so I am leaving them in order in their unpolished form.

2. This is the 3^rd reference to Mary “not having known,” the first two of which were by her own admission. Quite different from the BD who sees and believes.

¹⁵ λέγει αὐτῇ Ἰησοῦς, Γύναι, τί κλαίεις; τίνα ζητεῖς; ἐκείνη δοκοῦσα ὅτι ὁ 

κηπουρός ἐστιν λέγει αὐτῷ, Κύριε, εἰ σὺ ἐβάστασας αὐτόν, εἰπέ μοι ποῦ 

ἔθηκας αὐτόν, κἀγὼ αὐτὸν ἀρῶ. 

Jesus says to her, “Woman, why are you crying? Whom are you seeking?” She – supposing that he is the gardener – says to him, “Lord, if you carried him off, tell me where you put him, and I will remove him.

λέγει : PAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

κλαίεις: PAI 2s, κλαίω, 1) to mourn, weep, lament

ζητεῖς: PAI 2s, ζητέω, 1) to seek in order to find

δοκοῦσα : PAPart, nsf, οκέω, 1) to be of opinion, think, suppose 

ἐστιν: εἰμί, PAI 3s, 1) to be, to exist, to happen, to be present 

λέγει : PAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

ἐβάστασας : AAI 2s, βαστάζω, 1) to take up with the hands  … to bear away, carry off 

εἰπέ : AAImpv2s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

ἔθηκας : AAI 2s, τίθημι, 1) to set, put, place  1a) to place or lay  1b) to put down, lay down  

ἀρῶ: FAI 1s, αἴρω,1) to raise up, elevate, lift up  1a) to raise from the ground, take up: … to bear away what has been raised …  to remove 

1. I need to come clean on this. I’d love to pick up more on this question, “Woman, why are you crying?” and explore its relation to faith. But, I don’t want to fall into the old and tired trap of always depicting women as the weepy emotional types, whereas the guys “see and understand the cryptic writings.” Still, there is something fully human about Mary’s misery here that I think touches on aspects of faith that often lie beyond rational thinking. (One reason I’ve often had trouble with Josh McDowell-type “apologetics evangelism” is that it assumes that people are one-dimensional calculators.)

2. With the caveat above, “Woman why are you crying?” remains an arresting question, showing the disconnect between one’s experience and the good news of the resurrection. I wonder how many of my own tears fall into this caveat.

3. “Supposing him to be the gardener …” what a great piece of storytelling. I love the ingenuity behind the supposition that when Jesus arose, after removing his linens he walked out of the tomb naked, so he grabbed the gardener’s garments of the clothesline to cover himself up. Ingenious … and completely speculative.

¹⁶ λέγει αὐτῇ Ἰησοῦς, Μαριάμ. στραφεῖσα ἐκείνη λέγει αὐτῷ Ἑβραϊστί, 

Ραββουνι {ὃ λέγεται Διδάσκαλε}. 

Jesus says to her, “Mary.” Having turned she says to him in Hebrew, “Rabbouni” (which is to say, ‘Teacher.’)

λέγει : PAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

στραφεῖσα : APPart, nsf, , στρέφω, 1) to turn, turn around 

λέγει : PAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

λέγεται: PPI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

1. What an empty tomb, two angels, folded linens, and a separated wrapped up hanky could not do, the call of one’s name does. This is a beautiful moment.

2. Seems a curious time to introduce the term “Rabbouni.” The curiousity of the term and the detail of the story adds a tone of authenticity to it, IMHO.

¹⁷ λέγει αὐτῇ Ἰησοῦς, Μή μου ἅπτου, οὔπω γὰρ ἀναβέβηκα πρὸς τὸν πατέρα: 

πορεύου δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφούς μου καὶ εἰπὲ αὐτοῖς, Ἀναβαίνω πρὸς τὸν πατέρα μου καὶ πατέρα ὑμῶν καὶ θεόν μου καὶ θεὸν ὑμῶν. 

Jesus says to her, “Do not hold me, for I have not yet ascended to the father; but go to my brothers and say to them, “I am ascending to my father and your father and my God and your God.”

λέγει : PAI 3s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

ἅπτου: PMImpv 2s, ἅπτω, 1) to fasten to, adhere to  1a) to fasten fire to a thing, kindle, set of fire 

ἀναβέβηκα : PerfAI 1s, ἀναβαίνω, 1) ascend  1a) to go up

πορεύου : PMImpv 2s, πορεύομαι, 1) to lead over, carry over, transfer  1a) to pursue the journey on which one has entered

εἰπὲ : AAImpv 2s, λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

Ἀναβαίνω : PAI 1s, ἀναβαίνω, 1) ascend  1a) to go up

1. I have read that the aspect of a present imperative refers to an ongoing command, as opposed to a one-and-done command. If that means something for this verse, the command “do not hold me” (ἅπτου) might be something like “do not keep holding onto me.” If that’s the case, then the present command “keep going to my brothers” would refer less to Mary’s messaging and more to the ongoing communication to others. Maybe?  

2. The command not to keep holding Jesus but to go back to the others seems necessary if one imagines oneself in this moment. How hard it must be to let go and go back, when the alternatives of staying right there or dragging Jesus along would seem much more convincing.

¹⁸ ἔρχεται Μαριὰμ ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ ἀγγέλλουσα τοῖς μαθηταῖς ὅτι Ἑώρακα 

τὸν κύριον, καὶ ταῦτα εἶπεν αὐτῇ. 

Mary the Magdalene goes announcing to the disciples “I have seen the lord,” and the things he said to her.

ἔρχεται : PMI 3s, ἔρχομαι, 1) to come  1a) of persons 

ἀγγέλλουσα : PAPart nsf,

Ἑώρακα : PerfAI 1s, ὁράω, 1) to see with the eyes  2) to see with the mind, to perceive, know

εἶπεν: AAI 3s, , λέγω, 1) to say, to speak

1. Byrne makes the point that Mary’s faith is like that of Thomas and the rest of the disciples, except BD. He argues that the difference between BD and the others is that BD’s act of ‘seeing the signs and believing’ as opposed to Mary, Thomas, etc. ‘seeing Jesus and believing,’ makes BD more like John’s readers, who must believe without seeing (being a couple of generations removed from Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection appearances.)